A
STUDY ABOUT THE USE OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH IN STUDENTS’ WRITING: A CASE
STUDY AT MA PUTRI NURUL HAKIM KEDIRI IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2008/2009
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of The Study
Education
is an inseparable need from the human’s life. It can be acquired formally from
the elementary school to tertiary level. It has important rule in human’s life.
the quality of human’s depends on the level of the education. With regards to
language education, English is one important subject that has to be taught to
the students.
English
is one of international language, which is used as communication. Thus, all of
the people in the world have used English either in formal or informal
situation.
In some countries like
America, Australia, England, New Zealand people speak English as their mother tongue
and in some countries like Singapore, India, and Philippine people speak
English as their foreign language.
English
as a foreign language in Indonesian attempts to increase the students’ ability
in English in order that they can use it better. As an evidence of this
statement, almost all curriculums insert as a main object.
Indonesian government
has been aware of the important of English. It has been realized that English
plays very important roles in international communication. Having good ability
in English nowadays may give an opportunity to get a good job.
Talking about the
existence of English among the other language in the world, no language is more
widely spread than English (Quirk-et all, 1972:2-4). Thus, the role of English
is so important in daily life, so that enthusiasm or interest of people in
learning it drastically increases.
Previously, people
conceived that language in daily life is spoken. Certainly, it is a reality
that spoken dominated the communication activity in any field for a long time.
it has been stated by Ann Galloway (1993:2) that the students need to learn how
to communicate using appropriate social language, gestures or expressions in
order to have real communication in the classroom and also they get an
opportunity to communicate freely.
In
the other hand, not all of the communication process is done through speaking. There
are some skills in learning a language such as: reading skill, listening skill
and writing skill. The language users need to write their ideas on a paper. One
common example, he two lovers need to write letters to his/ her partner to
inform that he/she is having longing or to tell the girls that he wants to
spend his weekend at her country for several days. This activity ca not be done
unless they do not understand to write and read the message conveyed.
In
our modern world today written communication plays more important roles. For one
example, it is quite easy for us today to get newspaper, magazines, or book and
other printed materials that we can read. Similarly, we need to communicate
through letters, for example simply our experiences in our diaries. This truly
indicates that writing skill is an important aspect to be developed if we want
to gain more advantage from written language.
The
important of writing is used by educated man to record to make notes, to
convince other people, to tell some worthwhile information or influence other
people to believe what the writer himself believes. This communication process
cannot be done successfully unless people know how to arrange their opinions,
thoughts, and then express them clearly in a good organization and sentence
structure (Morsey in Tarigan 1986: 4).
The
main function of writing is as a means of indirect communication.
Writing is important
for language learners because it can train them to think critically and
creatively. The process of writing in this sense will help the students to
learn more about their own feeling and about their personal reaction to the
life around them. Through their writing experiences, the students’ creative
expressions can be enriched and grammar can be reinforced (Byrne, 1979:7). Through
writing the students can enrich their vocabulary, and understand structure as
well, it can develop their knowledge of English.
In
this case, the students are not only able to understand the structure or
grammar in a context but should be able to interpret the meaning of the context
and also to express the idea through oral communication and written media.
According
to the 1994 curriculum, Curriculum Based Competency, and School Based
Curriculum, there is general objective of teaching writing. The students should
be able to communicate their mind and feeling through writing skill. to acquire
proficiency in writing, the students should be able to understand both grammar
and structure of the language. Considering the importance of English structure
especially the direct and indirect speech, the writer intends to investigate “a
structure about the use of direct and indirect speech in the students’
writing”.
B.
Statement
of The Problem
As any other
investigation the problem of the study absolutely needs to be answered. The problems
dealing with this study are stated as follows:
1. Are
the second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri able to use direct and indirect
speech in past form?
2. Do
the students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri find any problems in using direct
and indirect speech in past form?
C.
Assumption
Of The Study
Based
on the statement of the problem above the researcher has some assumption, those
are:
1. The
second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri are able to use direct and
indirect speech in past form.
2. The
second year students of MA Putri Nurul hakim Kediri find problems in using
direct and indirect speech in past form.
D.
Purpose
Of The Study
The
general purpose of this study is to know the students ability in using direct
and indirect speech in writing. Beside the general purpose, the writer also
states the specific purpose those are:
1. To
find out the students ability in using direct and indirect speech in writing of
the second year students of Ma Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri in academic year
2008/2009
2. To
find out the students problems in using direct and indirect speech in writing
E. Scope Of The Study
This particular
investigation is conducted under scopes that are formulated as followed:
This research will only discuss the
ability of the second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri in using
direct and indirect speech in writing.
The
object of investigation is limited to the second year students of MA Putri
Nurul Hakim Kediri in academic year 2008/2009.
F.
Significance
Of The Study
In
this study, the writer asks the students to use direct and indirect speech in
their writing at the second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri. This study
has not only theoretical but also practical as well, the theoretical is resulting
of this study in intended to one consideration for English teacher about the students’
personal ability I using direct and indirect speech in writing.
Finally,
this study hopefully would be the basic of English teacher to determine what
material of structure that they have to teach, especially to make the students
understand and able to use direct and indirect speech in writing.
G.
Definition
Of Key Terms
a. Direct
Speech is a speaker actual word or the use of these in writing (Hornby,
1998:326).
b. Indirect
Speech is (grammar) a report of what somebody has said which does not reproduce
their exact word (Hornby, 1998: 606).
c. Writing
is a complex process that allows the writers to explore thoughts and ideas, and
make them visible and concrete. Writing encourages thinking and learning for it
reflection. When thought is written down, available be examined, considered,
added to rearranged, and changed. (Ghaith: 2005)
CHAPTER
II
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
A.
Concept
of Writing
Communication
competence can be called as language competence because in communication we use
language as a basic component. Therefore communicative competence can be
divided into four skills based on the level of language competence, and writing
competence.
Those
four skills have closed relationship to support a good communicative
competence. Therefore as a consequence of mastering those four skills we can
master the communicative competence better. Those skills we learn through
chronological process. It means that we start to learn listening competence
when we were childhood and followed by writing competence.
The
last language skill, which is encountered by a child in her or his language
development, is writing. it is closely related to reading skill and it is used
for indirect communication. like the other language skill, writing is seen as
developmental process. this statement means that the requires amount of
experiences, and items (tarigan, 1986:3)
Written
language is different from oral language. A written language is basically a
representation of spoken. Thus, language exists in two forms. the diffusion is
merely based on two forms both in spoken and in written form (Harris, 1984:9)
In
speech the speakers can rephrase what they are saying and they can speed up or
slow down. This will often get feedback from the listener who will show through
gestures, expression and interruptions that they do not understand. Whereas in
writing, the writer cannot get immediate feedback from the reader and sometimes
getting no feedback at all. The reader has to understand what has been written
without asking for clarification of relying on the writers tone of voice or
expression (harmer: 53)
on the other hand, not
all of interaction process is done through speaking. the language users need to
write their idea on a piece of paper. For
examples,
a. the
importance of writing for the students
b. definition
of the study
direct speech is direct
words which said by speakers. direct sentence consists of two parts, they are
reporting verb and reported words.
example:
jhon says,” I go to
school everyday”.
at the sentence example
above, becoming reported verb is “says”, and becoming words are “I go to school
every day”.
these are some matters
which must be gave attention to speech forms:
1. in
general direct sentence between reporting verb with reported words dissociated
by comma (,).
2. reported
words in direct sentence written in quotation marks.
3. reporting
verb can be referred as also reporting sentence, while reported words can be
referred by reported speech or reported sentence.
4. the
reporting verb situations do not have to reside in early sentence, but earning
also final reporting verb sentence.
example:
he
said, “I am happy”.
if
in subject active sentence represent personal pronoun for example he, she, it,
etc, hence when dietician behind, the subject of dietician after reported words
(first of sentence example) without experiencing of formation and form.
if
in active sentence the subject represent is proper noun for example billy,
George, tracy, etc, hence when dietician behind, the subject located in final
of sentence (second of sentence example) without experiencing of
transformation.
indirect
speech is sentence said to submit statement of someone to other.
example:
jhon
says,”we are late again”.
jhon
says that they are late again
there
are some matters which must be paid attention in this indirect sentence:
1. in
indirect sentence between reporting verb and reporting words its connective by
conjunction.
2. in
quotation mark indirect speech do not be utilized.
the
pursuant to reported sentence type, direct and indirect sentence can be divided
into three types:
1. statement
in general reporting
verb uses: say, tell and ask
a. if
reprting verb in simple present tense, the reported speech do not have a tense
change in indirect speech but its pronoun.
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
I
You
We
They
My
Our
your
|
He,
she
You
They
They
His,
her
Their
My
|
example:
direct: jane says,”my
brother studies English on monday”.
indirect: jane says
that her brother studies English on Monday”.
b. if
reporting verb in simple past tense (said, told, asked) the reported speech in
indirect speech will change in tenses, adverbs, and adverbial phrase as
following:
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
Simple
present
Present
continuous
Present
perfect
Simple
future
Present
perfect continuous
Past
perfect
|
Simple
past tense
Past
continuous
Past
perfect
Past
future
Past
perfect continuous
Past
perfect
|
adverb and adverbial
speech
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
The
day before yesterday
The
day after tomorrow
Next
week
Next
year
Last
week
A
week ago
Now
Tonight
Here
|
That
day
The
day before
The
next day/ the following day
Two
days before
In
two days time
The
following week
The
following year
The
previous week
A
week before
Then
That
night
There
|
example:
direct: john said,”I
buy this dictionary at gramedia”.
indirect: jhon said
that he bought that dictionary at gramedia.
direct: linda said,”my
father will leave for america”.
indirect: linda said
that her father would leave for America.
direct: jack said,”I
have finished repairing your car”.
indirect: jack said
that he had finished repairing my car.
direct: dhita said,”I
am typing a letter”.
indirect: dhita said
that she was typing a letter.
c. the
tense of reported speech in simple present tense will not change if talking
about general truth.
example:
direct: jhon said,”the
earth revolves around the sun”.
indirect: jhon said
that the earth revolves around the sun.
2. question
a. if
a direct question is changed into reported speech, the quotation mark must be
omitted. interrogative indirect speech which change to e affirmative, he quotation
mark is not used. if reporting verb uses “say” it will change to be “ask”,
inquire, wonder, or want to in indirect speech.
example:
direct: he asked me,”do
you buy the book at a bookshop?”.
indirect: he wanted to
know if/whether I bought the book at a bookshop.
b. tenses
in direct speech will change in indirect speech as following:
Direct
speech
|
Indirect
speech
|
Simple
present
Present
continuous
Present
perfect
Simple
future
Present
perfect
Past
perfect
|
Simple
past tense
Past
continuous
Past
perfect
Past
future
Past
perfect
Past
perfect
|
example:
direct: he said,”are
you ready?”.
indirect: he asked (me)
if/whether I was ready.
direct: he said,”is the
man your friend?”.
indirect: he wanted to
know if the man is mw friend.
direct: jhon said,”are
you hungry?”.
indirect: jhon asked
(me) if/whether I was hungry.
3. command
a. if
direct command is changed into direct speech, it usually used words tell,
order, command, ask, beg, remind, advise as reporting verb which is followed by
infinitive and its object.
example:
direct: he said,”please
say nothing about the case”.
indirect: he asked me
to say nothing about the case.
direct: he said,”please
give me another chance”.
indirect: he begged me
to give him another chance.
b. the
use “let’s” in indirect speech
“let’s” is usually used
to give suggestion in indirect speech, “let’s” will be changed by “suggest”
example:
direct: he said,”let’s
leave this place”
indirect: he suggested
leaving that place.
c. reporting
imperative
changing an imperative
into indirect speech, it usually use verbs: ask, warn, tell, advise, remind,
etc and followed by to infinitive.
example:
direct: he
said,”remember to mail the letter”.
indirect: he reminded
me to post the letter.
d. if
an imperative in negative form, not or never is used before to infinitive.
example:
direct: he said,”don’t
leave me alone”.
indirect: he asked me not to leave
him alone.
CHAPTER
III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A.
Method
Of The Research
One
of the ways to find out the truth is through the investigation or research. I
research there are so many things that the researcher must do to make his
research easy to conduct.
Therefore,
the method should be practical and suitable with the facilities, finance, time
allotment, and also the researcher competence in handling the investigation to
maximum finding.
After
determining the problems, purpose, and hypothesis of investigation, it is
continued by observing and collecting data for the accomplishment of the study.
The method of this research is
descriptive. it means that the researcher will describe the case that occurs in the present moment of
time.
B.
Population
And The Sample Of Research
1.
Population
The
population in this study is the second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim
Kediri in academic year 2008/2009, which consists of 125 students.
Population
in this case can be defined as any groups of individuals that have one or more
characteristics. to similar extend, population is a member or a set of people
that have at least some characteristics. (Surisno Hadi, 1984: 220)
2.
The
Sample Of The Research
Sampling
is a way to take an object of research that we are going to investigate and it
consists of a certain number of individuals that represent the large number (Netra,
1974:23). In relation to the number of the sample, there are two possibilities
or tendencies, which are commonly applied by a researcher. First, it may
investigate, only a part, of the population in order to make easy and help the
researcher in conducting a research (Arikunto, 1986:107)
The
number of population in this study is more than a hundred; it is suggested take
10%-15%, or 20%-25% (Arikunto, 1986:107). This number is representative enough
for the research. In this case, the writer could take 25% of the population of
the study; it means that from 125 students the writer takes 30 students as a
sample of the study.
C.
The
Method Of Collecting Data
To
obtain the data needed in this research, the researcher tries to investigate
the object by applying “testing mode”. it means that the researcher deliver a
test “using direct and indirect speech in writing”. it is aimed to collect the
real data resources about the students in second year students of MA Putri Nurul Hakim Kediri
in using direct and indirect speech in writing. in this case, the students are
demanded to write at least a hundred words by putting some kinds of direct and
indirect speech in sentences. The students can write the paragraph based on the
topics:
v Telling
about your friend to your sister or brother
v Give
the students other narrative story and the students have to identify direct and
indirect speech from the story.
D.
The
Method Of Analyzing Data
In
problem of this research is about the students ability in using direct and
indirect speech I writing. To know the difficulties the researcher can describe
the data analytically. Relate to this research there are some procedures was
suggested by Brown (1980: 167) as follows:
1. Identifying
the students’ ability in using direct and indirect speech in writing.
2. Finding
out the students’ problems. the analysis on the students ability can follow the
following steps:
a. giving
score to the students answer
·
The students are demanded to use direct
and indirect speech at least 10 direct and indirect speech in writing.
·
Each students correct use will be given
score one(1)
b. counting
the students score
c. counting
the students score quantitatively. In the same explanation was suggested by Arikunto
(1986: 134) said that after the data was collected the writer ma analyze it
through quantitative and qualitative. to analyze the data qualitatively can be done by
describing words and sentences in paragraph. and to analyze the data quantitatively
can be conducted by using scale (seven intervals) as standard values and also
use the basic statistic formula, to find the mean score in using this following
formula:
M=
Where:
M=
the mean score of the students
ex=
the total number of the students score
N=
the total number of the students
the scale (seven interval) used in
this research is to classify the students score in each level, there are seven
scales (intervals) as follows:
a. 9.6-10
is classified as excellent
b. 8.9-9.5
is classified as very good
c. 7.6-8.5
is classified as good
d. 6.6-7.5
is classified as fairly good
e. 5.6-6.5
is classified as fair
f. 3.6-5.5
is classified as poor
g. 0.0-3.5
is classified as very poor
CHAPTER
IV
RESULT
AND DISCUSSION
this chapter deals with
the data analysis about the ability of the second year students of ma putrid
nurul hakim Kediri in using direct and indirect speech in writing.
in analyzing the data,
the researcher uses two techniques, namely; descriptive analysis and data
analysis.
a.
Data
Analysis
in conducting this
research, the researcher uses two kinds of tests, there are objective test and
writing test.
the objective test is
meant to identify the direct and indirect speech in the short story. direct and
indirect speech have been available 10 items in the test, and the students are
asked to identify them properly.
writing test is
intended to asked the students to write paragraph at least fifty words based on
the topic given. the students are required to use direct and indirect speech
properly. to score the students’ writing, the researcher uses the seven
intervals as values standard. meanwhile the individual students’ score can be
seen in appendix 1 and 2, the number and the percentage of the students can be
seen in the tables. the following are seven intervals as the standard value of
the students’ score, they are:
a. 9.6-10
is classified as excellent
b. 8.9-9.5
is classified as very good
c. 7.6-8.5
is classified as good
d. 6.6-7.5
is classified as fairly good
e. 5.6-6.5
is classified as fair
f. 3.6-5.5
is classified as poor
g. 0.0-3.5
is classified as very poor. (arikunto, 1986:120)
a. data
analysis on the students’ score in objective test
the first test consist
of 10 items. to determine the score of each items, the writer firstly
determined the score “ten” as the highest value. thus, “ten” score is got from
the total numbers of item ten. so the score of ach item is one. the real score
of the students was calculated by multiplying the score of each item (1) with
the number of the students’ mean score,
then the researcher divides the students’ totel score with the total
number of the students.
the following table (table 1) present the
students’ number and the students’ percentages in the first test.
The
table 1 shows that 7 students got excellent, 3 students are very good, and 13
students got good, 5 students got fairly good and 2 students got poor score.
to obtain the students’
mean score, the writer can apply the formula as follows:
M=
the basic calculation
above shows that the students’ mean score in the first test is 8.13 so the
writer can classify that the second yaera students of ma putri nurul hakim
Kediri in academic year 2008/2009.
the level of the
students’ score into good. so the students are able to identify direct and
indirect speech in short story.
b. data
analysis on the students’ score in writing test
writing test is
consisting of 5 items, so the writer have determined the score of each items
was 2 if the students could use direct and indirect speech in good structure
and to obtain each students’ score similar with the calculation above. but the
difference is the students should write or describe their own paragraph by
applying direct and indirect speech.
to identify the
students’ number and percentage of the students, he writer can present the
table as follows:
The basic calculation above shows that
the means the students’ writing test 5.26 so it can be classified into the
“poor” level. in both objective and writing test, writer can conclude that the
second year students of ma putrid nurul hakim in academic year 2008/2009 are
not able o use direct and indirect speech in writing because they found
problem.
they
could not construct he words into good sentence consisting of direct and
indirect speech.
h.
Descriptive
Analysis
this
research
is aimed to show whether the second year students of ma putrid nurul hakim
kediri are able or not in applying the
direct and indirect speech in writing.
based on the data
collected in which the writer collected two students’ mean score in items of
the correct use of direct and indirect speech in writing. the first test is
objective test; it is identify the direct and indirect speech in short story .
in this case, the mean score in the first test is 8.13, the second test was to
write paragraphs, the students were asked to write or describe at least 50
words by using direct and indirect speech. in this case, the data was collected
5.26 as the students’ mean score in writing paragraph in English.
to identify the two
mean score of the students, the researcher uses the seven scales or seven
intervals. and the students’ first mean score is within “third interval”
(7.6-8.5) in the first test.
from the description
above the researcher identifies that the second year students of ma putrid
nurul hakim Kediri are not able to use direct and indirect speech in writing.
based on the data
collected, the students’ mean score in the first test in which the students
were asked to identify the direct speech and indirect speech in short story,
and he second test they were asked to write paragraph by using direct and
indirect speech properly. it was found there are far distance in term of mean
score between the test.
therefore, related to
the data collected, researcher can identify and make interpretation that the
second year students of ma putrid nurul hakim Kediri in academic year 2008/2009
found a problem in using direct and indirect speech in writing. the students
were difficult to arrange the words to make good sentences by using direct and
indirect speech in writing paragraph.
CHAPTER
V
CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION
A.
Conclusion
as stated in the
previous chapter, te writer uses two kinds of test. the students were asked to
identify the direct and indirect speech in short story and write the paragraph
in English based on the topic given. the purpose of this assignment is to know
whether the second year students of ma putrid nurul hakim Kediri in using
direct and indirect speech in writing are able or not and to know whether they
found a problem or not.
the most general
conclusion can be drawn from the collected data is that the students scoe is
two kinds of test are quite different.
in the first test, the
mean score of the students in identifying direct and indirect speech in short
story was 8.13 meanwhile, the second test shows that the students ‘ mean score
in writing paragraph by using direct and indirect speech was 5.26. it means
that the second year students of ma putrid nurul hakim Kediri are not able to
use diret and indirect speech in writing. from the data collected the writer
can identify that the students found a problem in using direct and indirect
speech in writin.
their problem is they
could not know or still get difficulty to arrange the words to make good
sentences in paragraph.
based on the data
collected,
B. Suggestion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendixes
Appendix1.
The student’s individual raw score in identifying direct and indirect speech in
short story.
Appendix2.
The students individual score in writing paragraph
Appendix3.
·
Find out and write the direct and
indirect speech in short story ( timun emas)
·
Tell your sister or brother about your
friend’s experience at leats 5 direct and indirect speech.
Appendix4.
The students answer sheet.
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